Research

Research Essay on Technology-Social media effect on teenagers

Relevance tree:

Here is an screenshot of my ideas breaking down into section for the chosen topic. this is an way to chosen what part of technology to explore as I could pick one specific area on tech but I did everything together. 

Introduction:

My unit 12 topic will be about technology: social media effect on teenagers. I have researched negative and positive ideas on how teenagers are wasted their time going on social media all day without taking an interrupt . Technology is not a game so young people should be aware the danger signs as it’s can make feeling like they are having eye strain and mental health problems. My target audience is mainly on teenagers obviously but around the ages of 16-23 which triggered the pains and emotional towards them as they cannot handle to find friends in the real world. I am intelligent of doing both primary and secondary research by creating a survey with the questions I have came up with and collect some information from the internet to use and reworded the information into my own word. This will be a way to show evidence on the sort of social media platforms they used the most and how it’s impact them through physical and emotional interactions. I am focused to explore all the solutions and steps to keep technology safe for teenagers to know that they should always take a break from a screen sometime. I know that this topics will make young people become more secure and safer depending on who they are talking to online as it’s will affect their ability and behavior in the future. I will then make a survey either on google form or Microsoft form to gather information on why they think technology is great or bad in their own opinion. I will discuss and decide on the social media platform I will take this topics further by researching different apps like Snapchat, instagram and Tiktok. These apps are for the young generation that they use most of the time in life. I will show and digging some video from online to give me a purpose on how would I able to start making a short video referring to the issue. I will brainstorm different apps of social media to use and create a similar product(video and video ad) to the idea that I have looked into to express the feelings of how teenagers behaves appropriately on the internet. I am interested in this topics because using technology every day to keep update on life and things I will be doing in my free time. I will keep update on the progress of the research which hopefully use to create my final product of my FMP. 

Technology: social media effects on teenagers questions i was thinking of using:

Safety: What does it mean to be safe online? How can you stay safe online? 

Technology use: How do you feel about the amount of time you spend on technology? Do you think you need to set boundaries? 

Technology's impact: How has technology changed the way we live? How can technology be used for good and how can it be dangerous? 

Technology's role in society: How should the government be involved in technology? What does it mean to be digitally inclusive? 

Technology and creativity: Can you tell me about a time when technology helped you learn something new or express your creativity? 

Technology and relationships: How do you relate to others online? Are you being positive, kind, and honest? 

Technology and dependency: Am I too dependent on technology? Is it controlling me or am I controlling it? 

Technology and self-expression: How can technology help you express yourself?

I have highlighted the questions that had used for my survey to ask people on their opinions. I created and added my own questions a long with it during the primary research survey. 

History of Technology:

Technology have been a problem to all teenagers as they spend all night scrolling on their phone not realising how late is it or even knowing when do they need to go bed. Nearly half of your people experience cyber bullying online and they experience mental health issues by making them go crazy in some way. Online harassment and bullying is very similar like when someone is stalking you from one place to another which makes them feel so insecure and uncomfortable and it’s a sign of harassment and emotional distress. Over 32% says they’ve called nasty names and 22%  have had rumors spread about them whilst as 15% of them reported being repeatedly asked where they are and who they are meeting with. This message is for parents to record the movement of the young people sometime whether if they are ok and need anything to talk about. We were told to keep a password protected to prevent hackers from accessing their data from a long distance. A positive impact on technology is before the internet, few people got the chance to show their creative work. Thousands of people can see your novel, short story and photography and other visual art. One of the greatest benefits of technology is helping teens connect with others as they struggle to make friends. Others have unique interests that their off-line peers don’t share. Quite a few people lies to make online content and website to showcase their efforts with the works they have created. Like adults, teens are using some older adults social media platforms such as Facebook, X, by telling the world on who they are. Changes in social media landscape since 2014-2015 extend further on TikTok's rise and Facebook's fall. Growing shares of teens say they are YouTube, Twitter (X), and snapchat since then. However, higher standards of black and hispanic teens reports using TikTok, Instagram, Twitter and WhatsApp compared with white teens. A quarter of teen boys said giving up social media would be very easy, while 15% of teen girls said the same.  It uses much more than knowledge and includes the values as much as facts, practical craft as much as applied knowledge. the iPad is an example of where the physics of making a small device carry so much music is connected with creative design to make an iconic must have extra. Teens have the courage to have internet communication as a social resource needed for daily life. They depend on the use of social media sites, mobile phones, applications, computers, video games, and video cameras as their primary sources of interaction. Tech is an addiction that does not seem to be going away any time soon. It is important for parents to gather information of the negative and positive effects of technology so that teens and parents can work together to remove the risks and optimise the benefits. If teenagers divides their study time between snapchat and reading in preparation for an exam, telling them that multi-tasking reduces their performance  is unlikely to change their behaviour. Young teens need the same kind of parental guidance as they take their first independent steps out onto the internet. By tagging friends, commenting on posts, and uploading photos, teens extend the pleasure of offline relationships. stay in conversation with them to help them express their sides of themselves in healthy ways. Helping them set goals and screen out distractions  will help them control their attention, complete tasks while preserving their energy, and stay in more conscious. Parents need to teach their children the rules of technology and how to be safe and to be active and to sleep well. Don't waste your time at night scrolling through your phone and have some time spending with family and friends. Long hours of use from tablets and mobile phone where the neck is held upright in a neutral position but is supporting the bent head, can result in weight of a bent head can give results in pain in spine that young people need to be aware from this issue.  The young people need to know that looking at a lighted screen for long periods alters the Melatonin, a chemical involved in falling sleep. They need to drink plenty of water to keep them hydrated while using a computer all day. The teenagers need to be aware of the new technology as part of learning to use the internet wisely in a balanced way. They need to learn to consider the future in relation to what they share online now.  My main focus is technology so I am considered to know more strength and negative issues on this topics and how long people use the internet by having an conversation to their friends online or chatting/meeting with strangers by giving them your personal details. I like using technology by scrolling through news online through instagram, snapchat, Facebook and WhatsApp. I can see that young people use TikTok and instagram more often as it's one of the best social media where people explore videos and images of famous actress and artists such as music, tv shows, fashion etc.

Technology video- YouTube:

 Video 1- Teens open up about the impact of social media on their lives:

I have watched and explore a video based on the chosen topic. This was located in the USA but can be in the UK and a few young people will presented on live TV where the world is watching them. They have explained the danger and great effects of technology and they seem to have their own amazing opinion on the subject and how to keep safe using the internet. A lot of young people like my friends uses technology to keep update on our lives and have a conversation with each other over the phone or by text. This really gives me an idea whether to do an  group discussion on how to keep safe on the internet. all the students are arguing their "for and against" position which makes me decide whether technology is affecting the well being. A lots of young people both men and women are struggling with body images as its affect them in their daily life. The group discussion is an ideas for me to gather information to explain the positive goals that internet can gains. And the negative solution which teenagers can sort out for each other. I think this style of this video worked well for my project as my idea was to do an group or one to one discussion of the young generation in the target audience of 16-23 discuss more about the negative and positive impact on technology. I know that this idea would be perfect as this is a solution i will be doing for my final video. 

Video 2- Technology, Teens, and Taking Responsibility | Indigo Mudbhary | TEDxYouth@SHC

Here is another video of the technology talks from ted where a presenter spoke about how tech affects people' lives. 

Unlike many of her peers, A student named Indigo uses a flip phone. When she first got it, she was horrified and disappointed. Since then, her low-tech phone has helped her gain insight into the role of mobile phones in the lives of students. In her talk, Indigo combines her experiences and available research to explore the impact of mobile phone usage on students. Indigo Mudbhary, a freshman at Lick-Wilmerding High School, loves running, reading, and is passionate about politics. In her talk, Indigo shares with us how she has worked to build a healthy relationship with digital devices and explores their impact on our lives. This is a great opportunity for people to learn the safety method of technology and to never use your device in a dangerous situation. This presenter explains so many important barriers and tips to ensure that tech is not affect the young generation and the small world. 

Link of the effect for technology on teenagers (18-21):

https://vm.tiktok.com/ZGdSwkFNU/

A screenshot of an TikTok from a young boy explaining the negative effects in technology and how it’s destroy your life with lack of sleep as effort in the real world. I have find this TikTok and I want to be an example of how I would create a video like this above. And what to include in the video as I could make it comedy related. The tiktoker is advising people to keep tech under control which affects their sleeping addition and how they are living in the real world. He is showing the awareness that just because you had an phone make sure you set boundaries which you won't go over the top with using technology and it's would make you have sleeping problems and the amount of light going through your eyes. 

African: nigerian people ways to stay connected with loved ones

How does nigerian young people communicate with family and friends online?

Young people in nigerian normally use mobile phone or the internet to connect with friends and family through facebook,instagram and whatapps. 
Relationships and interactions are important aspects of how we define ourselves as human beings. Physical interactions and connections are a big part of forming these bonds. The results showed that these young Nigerians built stronger bonds from offline interactions and more bridges from online interactions. But the online and offline worlds were connected to each other in important ways. A lots of young people in nigeria use technlogy well more and violate as they can't control the way they see things unsafe online.

Methodology of primary research

I have made a survey using Microsoft form and I selected the questions that could be reliable to add on the page to use to answer people in the college. Interviewing people that I have know and identify the strong impact on youngsters and why technology is very creativity and fun for people to use. 

Screenshot of the questions that I am going to ask people:

This is a questionnaire where I will be asking young people from 16-21 years to answer. I will send this form to people in the college and maybe the class group chat. I have came up with the questions and then I have chosen the ones that is convenience. Then I will send them out to people that I know that would give their feedback within using the internet. This is the computer version of the template labeled above as there is two version of the survey that could be more appropriate for people to access. 

Secondary research of technology effect on teenagers:

I have research different aspects of technology and how young people would spend a lot of time using their devices and that its will damage your mental health. After finding pout some key points, many young people are explaining their own opinion and options to let tech not to be addition which could affect their lives. I have searched up different videos of technology with young people gathering together in a meeting to breakdown any rules and steps when using the internet effectively. 

Research informations and poster ideas that relate to the chosen topics give me an ideas on how the poster outcome would look like. I have came across some ideas on the colour and non colour theme poster that am happy with to make some development of the work. And i could maybe use some of the ideas which could format the changes from the poster differently. 

AI Technology

Artificial Intelligence is a field of science concerned with building computer and machines that can reason, learn and act in such way that requires human intelligence involves data whose scale exceeds what human can analyse. They can understand and respond to human language. AI is a machine's ability to perform the cognitive functions we associate with human minds, such as reasoning, learning, interacting with the environmental, problem- solving, and even exercising creativity. You probably interacted with AI even if you don't realise it like voice assistants example Siri and Alexa are founded in technology. Chatbots pop up to help you navigate websites. Machine learning is a form of artificial intelligence that can adapt to a wide range of inputs, including large sets of historical data or human inputs. 

History of AI

1950-Alan Turing publishes computing machinery and Intelligence. In this paper, Turing - famous for breaking the German ENIGMA code during WWII and often referred to as the father of computer science- asks the following question:" Can machine thinks?.

From there , he offers a test, now famously known as the Turing text", where a human interrogator would try to distinguish between a computer and human text response. 

1956- John McCarthy coins the term "artificial intelligence"at the first- ever AI conference at Dartmouth college. Later that year, Newell, Shaw and Simon create the logic theorist, the first- ever running AI computer program. 

1967- Frank Rosenblatt builds the Mark 1 perception, the first computer based on a neural network that learned through the trial and error. An argument against future neural network research where there was a book published and they becomes both the landmark work on neural networks. 

1980-  

1995- Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig publish, which becomes the one of the leading textbooks in the study of AI. The four potential goals or definition of AI which difference on computer systems based on rationality and thinking versus acting. 

They created AI using machine to access different aspects from the other side of that allows them to receive signals. A machine that learn different skills from the point of view and perform an human like an every day tasks. 

Me and my friends will able to part of a video since we used technology to explore more method and talking online which could be happier. A lot of my friends has a conversation with me and able to chat more on phone and make them to be part of my video. Using tech through visual and verbal communication in a way to keep in touch with each other to keep a strong friendship. Technology has been life for some people but could been controlled in a way that they can't fight for. 

Update Survey Experimental

Once I have selected the group of my friends and I will send each person the survey form in the college. They would able to bring their own opinion as they are close to me. My friends had a recent conversation with me and we spoke about how we could connect. I will add the result under this title here to show what my friends use the most for technology.

Another video on technology effect:

How teenagers' lack of sleep is taking a toll on their mental health:

This is an example of a young teenager watching videos online and they explained how it destroy your mental health issues. It's could be an example to use for my video and that I will gather my friends for a group discussion on the negative and positive effect on the social media. This isn't convenient to spend too much screen time every hour in a day. They should always take a break where you can watch video on the tv or go for a run to express the movement and their personality. This video will give you some tips on how to manage the time you spend on screen and that you couldn't go over the time. A lots of young people are finding difficult to keep their devices straightaway as they are scrolling through social media apps such as Tik Tok and instagram which they are very common for them to explore. As I was watching the video, a school girl named by Keiko Rakin who is 15 yrs old that is preparing for an exam the following day. Rakin is struggling with her mental health as she tried to hit to the gym but always feels like there is no point as she hasn't got any free time to do so. She is trying to balancing both education and leadership to whether she couldn't managed both or pick each activities one by one in order to stay on track. The lighting in this video is very  tension and in the dark mood which they can't see anything that much from the beginning. The start of the video is a student who goes to school but hiding in their room with them staring at the phone screen. This tried to avoid them from getting a good night sleep as they are distracted from their devices.  

Video- How is your phone changing you: 

This video is about a cartoon character drawn by an artist explains the history of technology and how society changes over time using phone in a long period of time. A loads of people don't realise that phone are an addition and here is an video breaking down key points on the use of socialise and connecting with people in the world to stay active in your daily routine. They could get health problem by staying focus on the screen with no break. Place your phone to the side to plan and develop other activities such as reading and drawing. I have find this video helpful as the video talks about a young boy communicate with his friends online by trying to meet them. However, the boy seems very stress and anxiety when he saw a text with a shock jump to his surprise. I could believe when watching the video, the cartoon drawing boy is very additive to his device that he couldn't keep the phone away for just an hour. This video should remind the young generation to aware the concept of technology and that they are never alone to tried out other solutions. this concept of the video wouldn't worked well for me as i am not thinking of doing an animation tech style video. 

Poster research:

poster idea 1:

I have researched just one poster inspiration of the chosen topics with a group of people using devices. This is something I would with my friends creating an atmosphere of them using their devices to represent technology effect. Many young people may think that technology could damage your well being and physical movement which they didn't know that they could get eye strain and health problem. I don't like how they presented this poster as there is a lot of elements around the photo which is very untidy and disordered. I like how the icons are flowing in the air next to the globe earth which infer that young people can communicate with their family and friends from all over the world. The pictures show that people are additive to their devices when they can have a conversation face to face. So why would they waste their energy scrolling down on social media when they can get headache at any time of the day. The poster is designed by using Ai format and drawing by a practitioners that involved AI to access information. There is great choice of colours that matches well for the design and the concept of technology and internet. 

poster idea 2:

Another example of the poster is like a cartoon version of group of people gathering together and this is a similar  ideas that I have in mind. There is quite a lot of colours from different angles of the poster but I don't know I would make my final poster like this example. As the colours are way too bright and the photo hasn't got great quality which is very blurry.  My plan to take photos of my friends and make a run thought by changing the colour tone of the images to make it look like they are not in the photo. There is blurry quality photos that doesn't show the content on the subject which make the audience infer that this may not be the better fit for the poster. If I would able to improve the poster, I would take photos of people with their consent and then change the colour tone of the subject. I might usse the design into my own work as the final product.

Primary Research Survey Results:

I have pasted people's response of the survey explaining how they use technology in their daily life. Quite a load of people explained deeply on how technology affects their physical and emotive behaviour and the social media platform they use in their free time. I have found out that a lots of people like using YouTube the most in their space time to watch videos and get them entertaining. However, one other person said they use Microsoft teams to communicate with friends but it is not a common app to use throughout your life. Now, I have an understand on people's thoughts on technology and that how creativity using any software and the positive and negative impact that internet is an danger thing which you think before searching for unwanted videos and links. One person said "To stay away from your devices for an hour or two but not using the phone or tablet all day long" which could affect your brain and sleeping problem exactly that when you are using devices at night. I have refer a lot of feedback from other people that keen on the idea with the aspect other valuable time using technology by exploring activities that are helpful. Teenagers around the ages of 16-19 are finding it difficult to trigger the damages of internet and the suffering that young people are having to deal with in everyday life. I wasn't expected this many responses from anyone as they would give me some details on the subject matter. 

Images/Video ideas:

Collecting my own images that is relate to technology which will be helpful and convenient to use for my final poster and video. I will use the images idea to showcase the design of the creativity within tech and sometime it's could makes people happy and also cause negative impact on people if they don't internet correctly. I will take photos of myself and someone else's phone to move it to the middle of the camera without showing their faces to capture the situation that people are using. But also identify which phone brand they use and I could blend the colours if I have a chance to change the background colour. I was thinking of using the same idea for the video but have some of my friends to act an role in a drama play showing a group of people connecting with one another through social media or normal/video call. Before, this could happen they would talk online and then meeting in person as strangers which they don't know each other. They will feel worried and anxiety as they asked each other who are they and how did they meet as they thought they are chasing to each other in the ages of 15 years old. However, they realise that meeting one another when they are 18 years old but they seem to not know as the internet has made them have a chat to avoid the dangers approaching. 

Discussion

How does it fits with secondary research?:  

After searching different aspect of my research, i have decided to do a video about a group of young people from ages 16-23 meeting for the first time in person after chatting online for a month. I have found out while searching for some tips to use to starting planning and creating a short video. I have watched an YouTube video based on the target audience about a focus group that teenagers are learning new things between each other. 

The main message that i am addressing to young people:

Young people need to learn a variable lesson whilst using technology to stop using unwanted link that is not necessary. They need some tips to limit the amount of time they are using their devices under an hour. This will be a way to motivate them to explore other method to keep them healthy and active during their time. I think young people from ages 16-23 should always set a boundaries using technology. If they go over the timeframe, it's could lead them with eye strains and problems with emotional and physical. I think the final point that will remain them is that "never spend your whole day in technology without learning what could affect you and your wellbeing. Teenagers should take this message seriously into their own hands which they would able to explore another activities. Instead of staying in one location, spending the day using devices and tried to experience different adventures in the meantime.  

Questions that i will use for my video:

1. What does it mean to be safe online? How can you stay safe online?

2. How do you feel about the amount of time you spend on technology? Do you think you need to set boundaries?

3. Can you tell me about a time when technology helped you learn something new or express your creativity?

4. How can technology be used for good and how can it be dangerous?

5. How can technology help you express yourself?

What have I learnt about the effects of social media on young people? 

I have explore and learn the effect of social media on the young generation is that teens should always set boundaries to control the nature of technology. I have also find out that the negative and positive impacts that they should make a focus group with online and in person to keep them happy but always could limit the amount of time as its could lead them looking at video that is not acceptable. They should inform their friends that its would been better to meet often every two months to avoid the nature of texting and sticked at home frequently. Although, teenagers will never listen as I was investigating different solution to help the community to spend less time on the internet and more time going out with friends. Even if young people will able to see friends, they will sometime use the small amount of time scrolling on social media when they are talking directly toward each other. I have implies that this generation need to get their thinking cap on and stops trying to get tech and social media to get the best and encouragement from one another as its won't take them anywhere in life. I know that I will make the difference to change the way teenagers can behave using this type of life and technology. 

Research on Tim Berner- Lee: Computer Scientist

Having to invented technology/web in 1989 while working in Cern and simply working to ensure that it was made freely available to people. Tim can now protecting the concept of the web design in the future. he was both director and founding director of WWW that also attended University of Oxford to explore further skills on Technology and IT. Sir Tim has multiple numbers of governmental and corporative on open data and ongoing digital strategies for his network. In 2007, Berner- lees was awarded the best the uk's merit- a personal gift that is very important to him. The basic idea to access World Wide Web was to merge the technologies of computers, data network to access a powerful strategies when using global information system. Too many young people are excluded from the web around the world and getting them online should be priority for the post covid said Tim Berner. Reimagine our world and create something better" in the aftermath of Covid 19 must be channelled to getting internet access to the third of people aged between 15 and 24 who are offline. 

The influences of young people is felt across their communities and online networks," Berners-lee writes. " but today we're seeing just a fraction of what's possible. Because while we talk about a generation of "digital natives", far too many young people remain excluded and unable to use the web to share their talents and ideas. Based on the earlier "Enquire work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. Tim is a British computer scientist that was born in London. His parents were early computer scientists, working on one of the earliest computers. Tim thought he has the way to solve the problem one he could see that have much broader application. Both of his parents were mathematics who worked on the Ferranti Mark 1, a pioneering effort to communicate the early Manchester Computer. He inherited their interests, playing with electronics as a boy but chose physics for his university studies.   

Through 1981 to 1984, Tim worked at John's images computer systems Ltd, with limited technical design responsibilities. Work here includes the real time control firmware, graphics and communication software and a generic language. He was founded as the inventor of the World Wide Web during the 2012 summer olympics opening ceremony which he is appeared in person working at the next computer at the stadium. The web foundation supports work that bridges these gaps, aiming to unleash the creativity of billions users. Levelling up the web's capabilities to tackle global challenges such as poverty, health care and climate change. The Internet had been designed in 1973 and was up and running by 1983. After some further commercial work in graphics and communications software, Berners- lee returned to CERN as a fellow in 1984. Berners made it fairly easy for anyone with internet access to contribute and collect information. This allows people to share their information online without having to email back and forth to one another. For three years, he was charged of the technical side of the company and developed experience in computer networking. In 2016, Tim joined the department of computer science at Oxford university as a professional fellow. Most importantly, it is a story of the internet about using your creativity skills advanced in the world has known to update. The next step he did was to write his proposal in his way of imaging his thought and ideas and his manager accept the work he provided. Mike helps him to get off the ground and bring his knowledge to life. 

“https://www.unitingambition.com/thoughts/everything-you-never-knew-about-tim-berners-lee”

  

I found his information very interesting because he built up his company from scratch by attending university to study computer science and continue with studying. Tim covered a lot of information about himself and what he wanted to achieve in the future. It's was helpful that times able to solve problem on some strategies that he was stuck on. I learned that Tim will always make up a story of technology to develop some creativity skills using the knowledge of poster, video and magazine and games. He has learned to be polite and honest to people in order to hand in a job of his choice to become successful. Tim never give up as he kept going to get the job but achieve the hardworking he achieving in the end. I experienced that Tim allows people to share information backward and forward without any issues through email. Tim is an scientist that invented with computers that worked in Cern and also be available to people and which is very impressive he could spend his day helping others around. 

Conclusion

I have researched different solutions that could help me with some ideas for the project. I think, I have gathered some thoughts and came across products such as creating a video and poster. Overall after researching, I think technology is a common issues that young people are facing in the real world. I know there is a way to reduce the speed of time that teenagers are looking at their phone 24/7 with no break. However, using the internet is not something that would take over your life. You can explore other options of connecting with people in your circle or outside the barrier. I would suggest that young people should set a time limit to when it is time to stop using your phone in hours. A lots of people can access the internet anywhere in the world. Technology is getting people to control the software and the power of the internet to spoil their mind and communication. The time that people use technology for creativity way to express themselves using software such as Premiere Pro, Photoshop etc to use their skills to create their own poster and magazine layout and a successful imagination video. Many people are using instagram and YouTube the most these days to watch short video and talents that they can learn from. Teenagers use their phone to connect with family and friends but also they use it for their work based which doesn't happen sometime. Planning and recording a video to upload to the YouTube is a way to let people know the skills and talents that they are expressing. Mental health is very important to not stress and have a calm mind and technology is something that could damage your physical and wellbeing which lead to face tough challenges. But overcoming the way people care talking to you online to block them from your setting. Sometime, Parents should mind their business when searching on young people's phone as they don't like them thinking that they have caught them doing something dangerous. Suggesting if people should take a look out some physical abuse behaviour from their loved ones as it could lead to a dangerous situation which they can't get themselves out from. Warning and to aware people to not share their personal details online that strangers can find and track you from distance on social media. I have discovered that a few people forgot to remove their address and phone number online which strangers are locking their profile to look for small details about them. In my opinion, people should keep your profile private for security reasons to block strangers from trying to follow by accident. Not everyone would be keen using technology as they don't really care if it does damage the mental wellbeing and affect their sleeping patterns. I think I would prefer creating an video of young people debating or having to create a short play based on young people that meets for the first time online discovering that it was the wrong decision to make. For the poster design, I have came up with the final decision to take photos of people’s phones to add in the middle of the poster to represent the effect and dangers that technology is causing young generation(my target audience)’s daily life and routine.